Дистанційне навчання 5-Д PACE WORK (26.05.2020)
PACE WORK (English) 26/05
Тема: Словник
Тема: Словник
Основна
частина.
The present section focuses on a general dictionary.
A dictionary is structured at three levels below the
level of the dictionary as a whole:
The dictionary as a whole has a framing structure
which comprises a set of main sections that correspond to the chapters of a
book.
A subset of these sections – mostly only one –
comprises an entry list. The structure of each of these sections is a
macrostructure (or the macrostructure of the dictionary).
Each of the entries in a macrostructure has an
internal structure of its own, which is the microstructure of the entries of
that list (thus, if the dictionary contains only one word list, the
microstructure of the dictionary).
The structure of a dictionary is visualized as
follows:
1.1. Table of contents
The table of contents of a dictionary contains the
main sections as enumerated in the schema above and discussed here below.
1.2. Preface
The preface of a dictionary provides at least the
following kinds of information:
the purpose of the dictionary,
the intended user-group,
the data that the dictionary is based on and the
limitations following from it,
modifications of earlier editions.
The metalexicographic notes (a - c) may as well be
taken out of the preface and put into a separate section, the introduction.
1.3. Instructions
The user's guide deals with the following topics:
the macrostructure,
the principles of lemmatization and the selection of
lemmas,
the microstructure and each of its components.
The manner in which this information is presented is
naturally tuned to the user group envisaged. Hints for colleagues of the same
specialty may be terse; explanations for laymen will make less presuppositions.
1.4. Grammatical information
As explained elsewhere, a grammar and a dictionary
together account for the significative system of a language. Naturally, often
only one is produced without the other. Just as many grammars contain a glossary
of the vocabulary of the language as an appendix, many dictionaries that lack a
grammar companion contain a grammar sketch as a section.
The section on grammatical information may be an
entire grammar in a nutshell, which is sometimes called a dictionary grammar.
For well-described languages, it more customarily is restricted to a set of
inflection paradigms. It is then organized by inflection classes. For each
inflection class, an example word is inflected through the paradigm, commonly
in the form of a table. The inflection classes are labeled by abbreviations
which are referenced in the grammatical section of dictionary entries.
1.5. Appendices
1.5.1. Transliteration table
In a plurilingual dictionary, a language may use a
non-Latin script. For a syllabic or alphabetic script, a transliteration table
may be provided.
1.5.2. Conversion table
For an encyclopedia and a bilingual dictionary,
conversion tables for units of measure may be provided.
1.5.3. Abbreviations
The entry list of a dictionary with its macrostructure
and microstructure fulfills all the usual requirements for the use of
abbreviations: standardized categorizations that repeat themselves in thousands
of entries need not and should not be spelt out in full, but be abbreviated.
The full list of abbreviations used is contained in the present section. Its
layout conveniently takes the form of a table. This has at least two
columns:abbreviation full form
adj. adjective
... ...
Where the terminology is specialized and variegated, a
third column may be necessary that hints at the meaning of the term,
e.g.:abbreviation full form explication
abs. absolute free non-incorporated form of noun
act. active case or cross-reference position in active
system
... ... ...
The abbreviation table may again be printed in two
columns per page, as is commonly done with the entry-list itself.
1.5.4. Symbols
Instead of abbreviations, the dictionary may make use
of symbols. These are explained like abbreviations:symbol meaning
~ [copy of
lemma]
☞ see
♀ female
... ...
1.5.5. Bibliography
Just like any piece of intellectual work, a dictionary
profits from use of specialized literature, whose bibliographical references
are enumerated here.
If the data that the dictionary is based on are a
corpus of published texts, then the bibliography should be divided into two
subsections: 1) primary sources [i.e. the corpus], 2) specialized literature.
Test
Beginner
Exercise
1
Choose the best answer to each question.
1 . If you want to know how to say a word, look at
the
guide
word
pronunciation
2 . The word you are looking up is called the
entry
word
guide word
3 . You wonder about the history of a word. What
gives you the word’s history or origin?
spelling
etymology
4 . You wonder if the word you are looking up is a
noun or a verb. To find out, you would look for the
part
of speech
etymology
5 . The words at the top of the dictionary page
that help you find the word you are looking for are called
entry
words
guide words
6 . You want to know the meaning of a word. To
find the meaning, you would look at the
part
of speech
definition
7 . You want to know how to make a word mean “more
than one”. To find out, you would look for the word’s
singular
spelling
plural spelling
8 . To find out how a word can be divided, you
should look at the
syllabication
plural spelling
9 . Words formed by adding beginnings or endings
to base words are called
unabridged
derivatives
10 . If you wanted to find out how a word would be
used for a specific topic or field of study, you would look for
subject
labels
etymologies
Exercise 2
For each
question below, look up the word in bold print in your dictionary. Then answer
the question.
1 . What part of speech can the word run be?
§ adverb
§ adjective
§ verb
2 . What part of speech can silver be?
§ adverb
§ noun
§ pronoun
3 . If your story does not have credibility, what
is missing?
a
funny line
·
money
·
a
good ending
·
believability
4 . A missionary is a person who
·
is
afraid of heights so won’t go to the top of a mountain
·
is
sent to do religious or charitable work in a territory or foreign country
·
writes
stories about adventures
·
works
with animals in a zoo
5 . I just adopted a new borzoi.
·
dog
·
cat
·
exotic
bird
·
chipmunk
6 . What two countries celebrate Thanksgiving
Day?
·
Mexico
and Great Britain
·
the
United States and Canada
·
Spain
and Italy
·
the
United States and Mexico
7 . What is the capital of Colorado?
·
Albuquerque
·
St.
Paul
·
Denver
·
San
Francisco
8 . A triceratops has how many horns?
·
two
·
three
·
four
·
one
9 . Now I’m satisfied. I just ate a huge bowl of
ziti.
·
pasta
·
rice
·
ice
cream
·
cereal
10 . An epicurean is
·
a
person who is devoted to pleasure
·
a
person who is looking for a new job
·
a
person who is careful and cautious
·
a
person who is serious and rude
Exercise 3
Using your
dictionary, choose the best answer for each question.
1 . What could I use to find out if I am running a
fever?
§ thermometer
§ barometer
§ febrifuge
2 . The dictionary can help you find
·
recipes
·
definitions
·
directions
3 . The word gigantic means
·
large
·
small
·
mean
4 . The meaning of the word hinder is
·
to
go on an extended walk
·
the
rear sight of a firearm
·
to
be or get in the way of
·
to
engage the services of for a fee
5 . The word timid means
·
shy
·
loud
·
terrible
·
rude
6 . The word tame means
·
gentle
·
stupid
·
wild
·
funny
7 . A mackerel is a
·
fish
·
piece
of jewelry
·
dog
·
soup
8 . Something that is extraordinary is
·
highly
exceptional
·
unappealing
·
normal
·
usual
9 . Catherine Parr was Henry VIII's _________
wife?
·
sixth
·
third
·
first
·
second
10 . Redundancy
means
·
unnecessary
repetition
·
having
red hair
·
embarrassed
·
fragrant;
aromatic
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